How the American Forces Vietnam Network Died

 

For the one year anniversary of our book Hot Mics and TV Lights, lead author Marc Yablonka and I offer this full chapter on the final days of the AFVN legacy. It is available on Amazon in paperback or digital foremats

It’s 105 Degrees and the Temperature is Rising

            A popular Christmas song would go down as the last consequential music selection broadcast on AFVN’s FM radio station: Irving Berlin’s White Christmas.

            In spite of the war, many Americans have fond memories of Christmas in Vietnam. It was possible, maybe even likely, to have a merry Christmas. This depended on your job, your unit and location—and what the enemy might be planning. Most of us made the best of the situation.

            It was a nostalgic time we looked forward to. Moms back home boxed up homemade Christmas cookies; families mailed gifts and cards; USOs and Donut Dollies helped spread the holiday spirit; thousands laughed at Bob Hope’s Christmas shows; and enlisted men’s and officers’ clubs were decked out to simulate stateside traditions.

            Military chefs pitched in with special meals. For the most fortunate revelers, the menu rivaled what they would have enjoyed at home. I remember my Saigon mess hall even served eggnog.

            Like many units, AFVN’s main entrance was ornamented; a 1968 photo shows the lobby television flanked by two Christmas trees. They were artificial, but they were perfect! The record library had a selection of holiday music—including White Christmas—and our radio and TV programming provided an appropriate amount of holiday cheer. Hopefully, we didn’t make the guys in the field too homesick.

            But Irving Berlin never could have imagined how his White Christmas would be used decades later in Vietnam: as a foreboding anthem to evacuate the country. It was 1975 and the last AFVN radio station had been retired and transferred to the civilian staff of American Radio Service.

            “My last day in Vietnam was simply crazy,” recalled CBS News reporter Ed Bradley, in the book Tears Before the Rain: An Oral History of the Fall of South Vietnam. “On the morning of April 29, Armed Forces Radio was playing its usual Muzak. Then they interrupted the program to announce that ‘it’s a hundred and five degrees in Saigon and the temperature is rising.’ This was followed by the playing of Bing Crosby’s White Christmas. You’ve got to remember this was in late April.”

            Author Larry Engelmann’s book contains numerous mentions of the final-alert broadcast on the only remaining English-language radio station, and it corrects a couple of misconceptions. First, it was not Bing Crosby’s version of White Christmas, but the voice of Tennessee Ernie Ford. Second, the predetermined code to get out, was not really necessary for many listeners—most people already knew the enemy was advancing on South Vietnam’s capital.

            A full 24 hours before the momentous radio advisory, Saigon’s main Post Exchange was being looted. According to journalist Dirck Halstead of TIME/LIFE, who wrote in TheDigitalJournalist, “Vietnamese are smashing through the windows of the giant American PX and Commissary. As burglar alarms bray, they wheel off shopping carts filled with sugar, medicine and frozen pork chops . . ..”

            The radio warning to evacuate did, however, serve to make it official, but the signs were obvious that Saigon’s days were numbered. As Ed Bradley elaborated, “In fact, all you had to do to know the evacuation had started was to look out the hotel window. You saw Americans—round eyes—walking down the streets carrying suitcases.”

            Former Marine Douglas Potratz was Sergeant of the Guard at the U.S. Embassy compound when he heard the dreaded radio announcement that the temperature was 105 degrees and rising and the playing of White Christmas. “I was over by the security building, which was an old French villa by the gate,” Potratz said. “Everybody had radios and it was being played, I’d say about 11 o’clock or noontime.” Potratz heard the bulletin just once, but was told it was repeated every 15 minutes.

            That very day, April 29^th, 1975, the last two Americans killed in the conflict were Embassy Marines Darwin Judge and Charles McMahon. Their position was shelled at Tan Son Nhut airport.

            Decades later, Potratz was an attorney for the Fall of Saigon Marines Association when I interviewed him. “We had passed the word a little before White Christmas started playing that something was going to happen that day. We had not planned to have the embassy as the evacuation point; everything was supposed to happen at the DAO compound.” [Defense Attaché Office at Tan Son Nhut]

            One of the most complete accounts on the role of radio in the final evacuation came from Chuck Neil who was a civilian announcer for American Radio Service as the war ended. He had been working for private companies in South Vietnam, had done some announcing years earlier, and applied for an on-air position after AFVN passed the torch to ARS in 1973.

            “We had a regular format—news, sports, 24-hour day, 100,000-watts, FM radio,” according to Neil. He was hired as a news announcer but also did a couple of live DJ shows. He memorialized the tumultuous final days in Larry Engelmann’s book Tears Before the Rain and on Engelmann’s blog Pushing On.

            The idea of a radio alert was conceived by the Defense Attaché Office, according to Neil. “The public affairs officer at the DAO, Ann Bottorf—the late Ann Bottorf, the lady who was on the orphan airlift C5A and when the door opened the suction took her right out—she thought of it.”

            Neil attended a meeting with the security office at the U.S. Embassy to determine the precise message. “So, I said why not play a recording of something that every American will recognize in a split second . . . so why not play, “I’m Dreaming of a White Christmas?”

            Ironically, White Christmas was first performed on the Kraft Music Hall radio program weeks after the attack on Pearl Harbor. Bing Crosby’s version has been described as the most popular Christmas song in history. Soldiers requested it be played on Armed Forces Radio during World War II.

            Neil said he was thinking of Bing Crosby’s rendition, “but of all the thousands of records and tapes we had at the radio station, I couldn’t find Bing Crosby’s recording so I got Tennessee Ernie Ford’s.” Then, after the song, Neil would announce, “The temperature in Saigon is 105 degrees and rising.” Neil said that was the signal that the evacuation was on. “We recorded that and put in on a tape cartridge.”

            By April 28, Neil said there were a lot of heavy concussions and explosions, but that most of the Vietnamese staff had already gotten out, although some locals elected to stay on and help at the radio station. “We knew that Vietnam was going to fall, but we didn’t know it was going to be that quick.”

            Near the end, Neil said the remaining Vietnamese had brought whole families into the compound anticipating a sudden departure. “They were sleeping and living right there at the radio station. We must have had two hundred people in there. They [toilets] were overflowing and inoperable . . . and the place started to stink and it was awful.”

            Late in the morning of April 29 the DAO called Neil and ordered the remaining four Americans to evacuate. Without alarming the large crowd of Vietnamese, Neil, the Americans and maybe a half dozen Vietnamese engineers, got into the station’s van. “We had assured them (the engineers) that we would get them out,” Neil said.

            Neil went back inside for his last all-important task. “We had a big Gates Automatic Programmer . . . and I took the cart (cartridge recording) ‘105 degrees and rising,’ and also the ‘I’m Dreaming of a White Christmas,’ and popped it in the slot and punched it up. And that was my last official act at the radio station.”

            Neil, who tucked his .38 Colt Cobra into his waistband, explained how the van full of ARS broadcasters made its way to the Embassy—even bribing a South Vietnamese Army checkpoint with a carton of Salem cigarettes—and got safely past thousands of frantic Vietnamese clamoring to get in.

            Inside the walls, Neil described the recreation area where the swimming pool, restaurant and bar had become a holding section for well-behaved refugees. “The manager of the place was still there, but he just opened the refrigerators and some of the people were frying up steaks on the grill, and the liquor locker was open and hundreds of bottles were consumed until finally there was nothing left.”

            From inside the chancery building itself—where Neil saw Ambassador Martin in the hallway, and “beautiful handguns lying around all over the place, just left there”—he telephoned the radio station and told the Vietnamese to use the station’s two pick-up trucks to shuttle the remaining evacuees to Newport (terminal). “I understand they had a hell of a time, but they made it.”

            The ARS broadcaster’s account explains that he was one of the last Americans out, about one o’clock in the morning of April 30. Also leaving on the same helicopter from the embassy rooftop were four Vietnamese radio engineers. “I was disgusted with the whole thing, to be honest with you. I felt like we abandoned lot of people,” Neil concluded.

            Flying to the U.S.S. Hancock in the South China Sea, Neil said, “Long Binh was ablaze. Fires all over the place. I could see the lights of Vung Tau. I was sorry to leave so hurriedly.”

            The next day, aboard the aircraft carrier overcrowded with refugees, Neil made a haunting discovery: The radio station was still on the air. “I heard my voice on the radio say, ‘It’s twelve o’clock midnight in Saigon on American radio.’ ‘Jesus,’ we thought. We had a powerhouse there . . . and the generators must have still been operating.”

"Thank you for your service"

 

When was the first time you heard, or, said "Thank you for your service?" I addressed this question for Veterans Day 2023, when I spoke to the residents of the Iowa Veterans Home in Marshalltown, Iowa.

Approximately 20 some years ago, I was in the radio studio fundraising for WOI Radio in Ames. Our membership director entered the room, and we talked while we were off the air. Suddenly, he said these five words: “Thank you for your service.” I was stunned. Coming from our most unpopular war, I had never heard that.  It took about 25 years for me to hear those words. Now, it is common. Initially, I thought it was disingenuous----like, “have a nice day.” But I’ve changed, and now realize the country has changed too. I think those words come from the heart. Two weeks ago I was at Costco, getting a loaf of their sourdough bread. I was wearing my Vietnam Vet cap. The lady in front of me was Governor Reynolds. We exchanged greetings and she said, “Thank you for your service.”

My reply is something I adopted from another veteran and I suggest you try it. When someone tells me “thank you for your service,” I smile--look them straight in the eyes-- and say, “thank you for your support.” It’s mutual respect that makes us both feel proud. And I hope it encourages them to thank vets all the time.

When did YOU first speak these works, or, hear them as a veteran? 

A Photo Speaks

Veterans around the country are being judged in creative arts competitions. I am among the contenders from the State of Iowa that have advanced to the nationwide finals. Here is my entry, in the category of creative writing-veteran's experiences.

A 53 year old photograph of a U.S. Marine on a rocky mountain island in South Vietnam haunts me more than ever. The photo is of me standing among dead roadside trees and shrubbery that had been sprayed with toxic defoliants. Collectively, these chemicals are commonly known as Agent Orange.

Early in 1970, I was a TV newscaster for the American Forces Vietnam Network at one of AFVN’s remote outposts on Hon Tre Island. The small radio and TV detachment served a large military audience at Nha Trang and Cam Ranh Bay.

The Photo

Herbicides were not controversial then; they were a weapon that killed trees and underbrush to deny the enemy hiding places. It may have prevented an ambush on Americans driving up this winding road to AFVN and other units.

Fifty years after I arrived in Saigon, my doctor at the Veterans Administration Hospital in Des Moines, Iowa sent me to a neurologist after I complained about a tremor in my left hand. I’d already been living with insomnia and had difficulty maintaining a comfortable body temperature. 

A battery of tests, and a visit with a movement disorders specialist, confirmed the diagnosis: Parkinson’s disease. I had become a postwar casualty. Immediately, my life changed, but not always in negative ways. I have become closer to the veterans community, including a fellow Marine broadcaster whom I worked with on Hon Tre Island and who is also living with Parkinson’s.

I continue to educate myself about this complex brain syndrome and my evolving symptoms. I join online seminars and stay active to slow the disease’s progression. I walk, bike, golf, meditate and have learned tai chi. Thanks to the VA’s Recreation Therapy staff, pickle ball has become my favorite work out. A three-wheeled recumbent bike provides better balance and I enjoy hitting the trails with a proud biker group, appropriately named “Vets Riding to Live.” I competed in the VA’s Golden Age Games for the first time and won a medal. 

Participating in a one year research project through the VA and University of Iowa Hospitals to study the importance of aerobic exercise for Parkinson’s patients was especially satisfying. We had to walk a minimum 50 minutes, three times a week, at a swift pace. The research is ongoing, but I’m convinced that my exercise regimen is keeping me a step ahead of this menacing rival.

Many years before my diagnosis, as the Bangkok Bureau Chief for CBS News in Thailand, 60 Minutes sent me back to Vietnam to investigate a possible TV magazine feature on the tragic legacy of Agent Orange among Vietnamese. It was a shocking journey into hospitals, village homes and the remote countryside, in search of victims and experts who we might interview.

What I discovered there still unsettles me today: helpless parents and their children with heartbreaking deformities; a hospital wing for women with problem pregnancies; jars of aborted Siamese twins and triplets; and villagers who told me they could hear trees falling at night in areas that had been sprayed. Vietnamese officials linked much of this to Agent Orange, but supporting medical evidence didn’t exist—only a frightened population that lived on the poisoned land. 

According to the Veterans Benefits Administration, every veteran who stepped foot in Vietnam is considered potentially exposed to Agent Orange. Many of these vets now fear the ghastly consequences have become generational. At a public hearing in my hometown of Des Moines, I watched as veterans shared their worries about learning disorders, spina bifida and other maladies in their off-spring and grand kids.

I’ve been told the central Iowa VA’s neurology department sees new Vietnam veterans every week as Parkinson symptoms slowly emerge and old vets are given the dreaded diagnosis. Nationwide, more than 100,000 veterans are being treated for Parkinson’s.

The Agent Orange caseload is growing at an alarming rate, with veterans sick from Parkinson’s, cancers, nerve and other serious diseases presumed to be linked to herbicide exposure. Parkinson’s-like conditions became eligible for VA disability compensation last year, and coverage was further expanded by the PACT Act.

Many Vietnam veterans are familiar with AFVN, the military broadcasting unit where I worked and where I was exposed to Agent Orange. The armed forces network was depicted in the 1987 blockbuster movie Good Morning, Vietnam. Ironically, both comedian Robin Williams and the Air Force broadcaster he portrayed, Adrian Cronauer, both died with dire neurological diseases.  

Rick Fredericksen is a writer and journalist who lives in Norwalk, Iowa. He served in South Vietnam in 1969-70 and worked for CBS News, based in Thailand, from 1985 to 1995. He is the author of  Broadcasters: Unknown Chaos and Hot Mics and TV Lights: The American Forces Vietnam Network

Hot Mics and TV Lights: The American Forces Vietnam Network  NOW AVAILABLE 

I invite Old Asia Hands to explore my new book, written with lead author Mark Yablonka. This is truly a comprehensive summary of the wartime radio/TV service for the vast audience in South Vietnam. Veterans, Vietnamese and pleasure readers will all find this a fascinating addition to your Vietnam library. It is much more than a wartime book; sometimes joyful, sometimes sad, but always entertaining. Topics include the introduction of television to Vietnam; key on-air personalities, including Bobbie the weather girl, deejay Pat Sajak; the only female soldier to be assigned to AFVN; the movie "Good Morning, Vietnam; controversy and the tragic casualties that struck the network. An inside look at the broadcast organization comes from the dozens of AFVN veterans who share their stories--in their own words. Hot Mics and TV Lights is available in both paperback and digital editions. Buy Here

Achievement Award From My Peers

"Be accurate, fair and non-partisan." (Photo by Cliff Brockman)

It was a gratifying honor for me to stand before nearly 100 Iowa broadcast journalists to accept one of Iowa's most prestigious awards, on April 29th, 2023. The Jack Shelly Award has been presented annually to outstanding Iowans for more than a half century by the Iowa Broadcast News Association.

Shelley was a beloved pioneer in Iowa broadcasting. He was the first news director for WHO TV in Des Moines, the legendary station where Ronald Reagan worked. Shelley filed radio reports from WWII and was on the battleship U.S.S. Missouri to witness the Japanese surrender. Later in his career, he taught journalism at Iowa State University. 

The photo at left shows Jack helping me carry award plaques after the 1997 IBNA awards convention, when I was news director for WOI Radio in Ames. He passed away in 2010. Numerous former colleagues have won the award before me, including my former bosses at KCCI TV, Russ Van Dyke and Paul Rhoades, who were valuable mentors early in my career.

I was genuinely moved as I observed fellow broadcasters react to a news feature that KCCI telecast when I retired in 2016. It reviewed my career from the early days as an AFVN newsman in the Vietnam War, my time with KGMB in Hawaii, 10 years with CBS News in Southeast Asia, and finally, my long run with WOI and Iowa Public Radio. After leaving broadcasting, I was a contributing writer for Vietnam magazine.

The awards ceremony was held at Prairie Meadows Events Center and the attendees were so nice and polite I can hardly describe my emotions.I love the photo below, where I was flanked by IBNA members as they encouraged me on.

In my brief comments, I touched on the disturbing aspects of the current media landscape: "It is a challenging time for our profession; newsroom layoffs, newspapers closing; public trust in the media embarrassingly low. The best way to overcome this is to be accurate, fair and non-partisan, the old-school journalism I learned."

It was a night I will forever cherish. I just wish Jack Shelly was there. Thanks a hundred times to the Iowa Broadcast News Association. Finally, I attach the video that was prepared by KCCI and shown to the audience as a set-up to announcing the 2023 Jack Shelly Award.

My retirement story on KCCI

Update on famous Siamese twins in Vietnam

Duc is honored at the Japanese Consulate in Ho Chi Minh City (Mainichi photo)

I met Nguyen Duc in Saigon when he was 13 years old and in 6^th grade. He was living in Tu Du Hospital on a floor reserved for Peace Village International, a German charity that specialized in treating kids with birth deformities. There were 36 children when I was there; many were suspected victims of the Agent Orange defoliant which was widely used during the war. Duc told me he wanted to be a doctor.

At age 13, Duc was in a wheelchair

I was heartened recently when his present-day photo was published in a story by the Japanese daily newspaper Mainichi. Duc, who is now 40, was being presented with an award by the Japanese Foreign Ministry. Not only was he very much alive, but he was out of his wheelchair and able to stand on his only leg, with the assistance of a crutch.

I was introduced to Duc, and his brother, Viet, during a 1994 research project for the CBS News documentary 60 Minutes. The conjoined twins had undergone successful separation surgery at the age of seven. When I photographed Viet, he was confined to bed and was unresponsive. Sadly, the Mainichi news story said that Viet had died at the age of 26, from “pneumonia and other complications.”

I snapped this photo of Viet 13 years before he died.

My mission for 60 Minutes was to advance a major TV magazine story on the tragedy of Agent Orange in Vietnam. Correspondent Ed Bradley was the designated reporter. I have written extensively about my investigation, which included a field trip into the Mekong Delta, visits with grieving parents in their villages and onsite visits to various institutions. The full story is told in my digital book, Broadcasters: Untold Chaos.

Of the many conjoined fetuses that were referred to Tu Du Hospital, Duc is the most fortunate. There is a “collection room” at Tu Du that holds the grotesque remains of many aborted births, submerged in formaldehyde—Siamese twins and triplets among the specimens.  

At the time, I sympathized with the many devastated families who decided to terminate full term births, but I did not have a personal stake in the story. Now I do. I was diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease two years ago, and my doctors at the Veterans Administration say it is likely caused by exposure to Agent Orange. I was a young Marine in South Vietnam in 1969-70.

In search of Agent Orange victims in the Mekong Delta

Beyond meeting Duc 28 years ago, we now have another common bond in our suspected connection to the infamous wartime herbicide. Seeing his contemporary photo denotes a rare triumph in the continuing saga of Agent Orange.

According to the Parkinson’s Foundation, approximately 1-million Americans are now living with the hideous disease; about one in 10 are veterans. My doctors at the VA are seeing a dramatic increase in Parkinson’s patients as symptoms emerge decades after exposure.

American organizations like Veterans for Peace have sent representatives to Vietnam to offer support for Agent Orange awareness. The U.S. Government has provided funding to clean up major toxic sites where the chemical operations were based.

Duc has realized one of his childhood dreams. While not a doctor, he is working at Tu Du Hospital where he has spent most of his life, and where he cares for orphans and other children who are thought to be victims of Agent Orange, like him.

He remains a national role model, just as he and his brother were as children when they survived the risky procedure to separate the twins. Given celebrity media status, I was among the foreign reporters who wanted to meet Duc, and I remember him as inquisitive, bright and energetic—the ideal poster boy to represent innocent Agent Orange victims.

Aborted fetuses, badly deformed, are held in the "collection room."

During the award ceremony honoring him, Duc expressed a desire to leverage international support as Vietnam battles its Agent Orange legacy, saying, “I would like to make efforts in continuing to serve as a bridge between Japan and Vietnam.”

It’s been 60 years since the U.S. military launched Operation Ranch Hand, the widespread application of Agent Orange and other herbicides. Personnel adopted Smokey Bear as their unofficial mascot, according to James G. Lewis, writing for the American Society for Environmental History. Placards soon appeared on Ranch Hand installations, according to Lewis, but Smokey’s signature slogan had been altered, in a way that is haunting today: “Only you can prevent a forest.” 

On a daily basis, Americans and Vietnamese get a frightening diagnosis that could be connected to Agent Orange exposure; cancers, nerve and brain disorders, among others. It is uncertain just how far the damage has moved into the gene pool, possibly triggering maladies for generations.

In 2016, when Vietnam Veterans of America hosted a hearing on the impact of defoliants in Des Moines, an old vet in the audience wore a T-shirt that expresses the frustration that Vietnam War veterans will carry for the rest of their lives: “And the body count continues.”

 

Vietnam’s 1st Marathon: Controversy, Bill Rodgers and Dehydration

 

At the finish line, Vietnam War combat photographer Tim Page awaits the winner

The protracted Vietnam War has been described as a marathon. Conversely, Vietnam’s first marathon was the after-war, with lingering conflict, but also with flickers of cathartic healing. I was there covering the 1992 Ho Chi Minh City Marathon for CBS News; part war correspondent, and part sports reporter.

Among the hundreds of competitors were American war veterans, including disabled vets in the wheelchair division. The government had welcomed men and women from more than two dozen countries in a competition that would show the international community that Vietnam had emerged onto the world stage.

Race headquarters at the Saigon Floating Hotel

The most celebrated American athlete was Bill Rodgers, a wartime conscientious objector who did alternate service as a patient transporter at a hospital in Boston. While watching the Boston Marathon, Rodgers revived his interest in running going back to his college days. Then, in 1975, nine days before the fall of Saigon, Rodgers won the Boston Marathon, setting an American record (2:09:55).

By the time he laced up his running shoes on his first visit to Vietnam, Rodgers was competing in the masters division for runners over 40. “Marathoning is more than just a sport,” he told me during an interview in his hotel room. “The barriers fall in this sport. It’s a way for a lot of different people to look at some of the difficult times of the past and look to the future, and feel better about things.”

At a ceremony on the eve of the marathon, American veteran wheelchair competitors presented wheelchairs to disabled Vietnamese athletes, and Rodgers approved of the gesture. “I think it’s certainly time for improved relations and I think most people in the Untied States and Vietnam feel the same way.”

Runners passed by the People's Committee Building (City Hall)

Race day weather was typical for the month of February: dry with an average high of 92F (34C). Rodgers was concerned about the heat and humidity. Plus, he’d recently recovered from an injury. “Extreme caution” was his strategy: “They say the marathon begins at about 20 miles. You got to get to 20 miles and feel at least somewhat capable of finishing.”

Controversy erupted even before the starting gun was fired. As thousands of curious spectators had crowded around the starting line and along the 26 mile long course, a technicality eliminated the three American wheelchair athletes representing the California Paralyzed Veterans Association. Vietnamese race officials had safety concerns about road conditions. The Americans were crushed, but accepted the decision with grace.

However, a hidden factor may also have influenced the decision. As I reported for CBS News, “There are no Vietnamese wheelchair athletes which may have reflected on the poor conditions of Vietnam’s own massive disabled population.” 

Then there was the daring protester who caused a stir outside the riverside hotel serving as race headquarters. A lone Vietnamese man—some say he had a gun—climbed atop a vehicle and hoisted the flag of the old U.S.-backed Saigon Government, threatening anyone who approached.

Communist Vietnam has no tolerance for anti-government protests. Authorities swiftly rushed the man and took him into custody. Several Western photographers and a TV crew were stunned when security officials seized their film. 

Rodgers gets icy relief. Runner's World photo

To beat the heat, the marathon start time was 6 a.m. While impossible to verify, one published report estimated that hundreds of thousands of mostly Vietnamese had watched the runners at some point of the race.

The course took the athletes past old Saigon’s most recognizable landmarks: the former French hotel that was known as City Hall during the American War; the abandoned U.S. Embassy (now demolished), which served as the final evacuation point before the fall of South Vietnam; and Tu Do Street, the entertainment quarter where Americans congregated to let off steam.

Hundreds of runners from dozens of countries were represented. Major media organizations dispatched reporters and photographers to record one of the biggest events since reunification, 17 years earlier. It was Vietnam’s coming out party, showcasing former enemies running side by side.

The finish line, where onlookers had gathered to watch runners complete the grueling endurance test, was opposite the former Presidential Palace, where communist tanks had crashed through the front gates in 1975, signaling the end of the epic war.

The fastest competitor was a 36 year old British man, Tim Soutar, who practiced law in Hong Kong. His time was 2:43:26. Vietnam’s Luu Van Hung was second, while compatriot Dang Thi Teo won the women’s division.

As for Rodgers, he was leading after 22 miles, but wilted under the tortuous humidity. "As I was looking for water after cramps stopped me, a Vietnamese woman on a scooter came alongside me and asked if I was OK. I asked for water and she went into a house and brought me a big glass of water and a huge chunk of ice," Rodgers remembered. "I guzzled the water and walked/jogged to the finish." The massive number of spectators reminded him of the Boston and New York marathons.

Californian Jim Barker was the fastest Vietnam veteran. He told reporters, “I’ve run through death and life and through death again. And I’m here again as a grateful survivor from the times of war to the times of a growing sense of peace.” Barker was a Vietnamese language interpreter for the U.S. Army.

Apocalypse Now bar photo

One of the more colorful post-race social venues was not officially sanctioned, but enjoyed as a reminder of the Vietnam War: Apocalypse Now bar. Located in a narrow shop house in the former red light district, the small pub took its name—and logo—from Francis Ford Coppola’s 1979 war film, Apocalypse Now.

Athletes joined tourists, journalists, businessmen and locals for an evening of boisterous merrymaking, surrounded by walls painted “night mission” black. Under the ceiling fan, which also served as rotor blades for the Huey helicopter painted on the ceiling, patrons re-hydrated with Tiger Beer and the Vietnamese beer label “33”.

Occasionally a joint was passed between patrons as Hippy Hippy Shake and other rock tunes blared from the speakers. Two customers giggled as they imagined a future marathon with a special cyclo division, for the venerable bicycle taxis that were plentiful on the streets of old Saigon.

 

Human powered cyclos were common in old Saigon, but rare today.

Nearly 30 years after Vietnam’s premier marathon and in the mood for reminiscing, I reconnected with Bill Rodgers in 2021. He eagerly replied with nostalgia, starting with his recollection of watching tragic war stories on the Walter Cronkite evening news.

Several of his high school classmates had gone to Vietnam. One buddy, who helped Bill with his math, went to war, got into drugs, came home and was sentenced to prison. But he later became a chef and is doing fine now.

Rodgers mentioned a veteran who recovered from a helicopter crash, went on to co-found the Greater Boston Track Club and later coached Joan Benoit Samuelson, who would win the marathon gold medal at the LA Olympics in 1984.

Rodgers sent me a photo of his runner's certificate.

Rodgers revealed that he initially was not inclined to participate in the Ho Chi Minh City Marathon. “I thought many people would be angry here in the U.S., especially veterans and their families,” he told me. Keep in mind, the trade embargo was still in place in 1992 and some families of servicemen missing in action had doubts about Hanoi’s openness in accounting for U.S. MIAs.

Ultimately, Rodgers decided to run: “I thought, I’ll try to win the race and I’ll represent the U.S. Is that small effort a bit of healing? I think it was.”

The former Olympian’s most treasured Saigon memory centers around the official ceremony, where American disabled vets presented wheelchairs to their Vietnamese counterparts. “It was an incredible sight,” Rodgers said. “Words can’t describe seeing that.” Participants were given certificates and Rodgers proudly sent me a photo of his.

“Rick, I’m still a runner . . . of sorts,” Bill told me. “I ran my last marathon at 61, one year after my surgery for prostate cancer.” Formerly ranked #1 in the world, Rodgers still loves going to races, at the age of 73.

Group photo of vets with Rodgers (right). Photo from Jim Barker (center)

Historic Video of Postwar Saigon in 1986

In the gift shop at the historic Continental

Eleven years after the fall of Saigon, I videotaped some of the city's best-known landmarks. It was my first trip back since I served in Vietnam in 1969/70. In 1986, the economy had collapsed without American support and the U.S. embargo was strictly adhered to. It was a dark place with many southerners in re-education camps and others trying to flee the country. With Vietnam's economic rebound still years away, the old city looked much as it did when the U.S. was present. Strikingly missing are the traffic jams and U.S. military personnel. The video is unedited and runs about 18 minutes. Thanks to Cortney Kintzer and Brad Harvey. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bqwQNXLWw7k&t=13s

Anchorman's Mysterious Death

 This Vietnam magazine article (Dec. 2020 issue) is an adaptation from my forthcoming book Hot Mics and TV Lights: The True Story of the American Forces Vietnam Network with co-author Marc Yablonka

Mike Turpin on the news set in Saigon. AFVNVETS.NET

Nothing seemed unusual about Army Spc. 4 Mike Turpin. He was a respected TV newscaster during his time at AFVN in 1967-68. “When he went on the air as the new anchor, he had a new uniform and looked spic and span,” according to Army Spc. 5 John Mikesch, who was the technical director for Turpin’s newscasts. “He had a mature, experienced presentation. He was perfect.”

To most people who knew him, Turpin hardly seemed like a person who would die under mysterious circumstances, yet that is what happened in 1972 after he left the military and strangely returned to Vietnam. Nearly 50 years later, the mystery remains unsolved.

Turpin in the field (right, foreground) with 1st Infantry Div. Courtesy Matt Turpin

Off-camera, Turpin, who spoke at least five languages, led a life that was a perilous concoction of one part adventure and one part danger. Prior to arriving at AFVN, he served with the 1^st Infantry Division in Vietnam, earning a Purple Heart, Silver Star and Bronze Star.

Turpin joined the Merchant Marine at age 16 in 1944 but changed course the next year and enlisted in the Army in April 1945. He served in Korea, where he suffered a head laceration and earned a Bronze Star. He was discharged from the Army in 1968.

Turpin, who went by “Mike” but whose given name was Ira Leslie Turpin, was born Jan. 29, 1928, in Gary, Indiana. He had five marriages, and four of them broke up. He had five biological children and one stepdaughter.

When Turpin died, officially in April 1972 at age 44, he was in Vietnam as a civilian. It’s not clear what he was doing there. Even more puzzling is his death. There are multiple theories of what happened.

Trouble at International House

International House in 1966. John F. Cordova Courtesy Manh Hai

After he left the military in 1968, Turpin ran a small bookstore at the International House, a popular downtown Saigon social club for foreign civilians on Nguyen Hue Street. That same year he married Kyong Ui, the International House’s chief accountant, whom he had met while still in the service. A Korean native, she was known as Kim to everyone but Turpin, who called her Lily. She had a young daughter, also born in Korea. The wedding reception took place in the club’s banquet room. Lily had become Turpin’s fifth wife.

Customers at the International House tended to be “high military people, high-ranking Vietnamese people, Indian people, Arab people. French people,” said Doris Hochberger, Lily’s daughter, who used to go there with her mother, who died in 1988.

The International House had several thousand members, according to a wartime column by Daniel Cameron in the Saigon Post. “You paid a $20 membership fee and then ate low-priced steaks, drank the PX booze, played the slot machines and had companionship,” Cameron wrote. “American civilians went there in droves,” he said.

Some U.S. officials served on the International House board and the U.S. Embassy could audit the place, but otherwise it had limited oversight. According to Cameron, a federal grand jury indicted two managers for defrauding the American government of hundreds of thousands of dollars. It reportedly closed in 1969.

“Everybody got subpoenaed at International House,” Doris said. “Everyone had to testify and they were leaving town.” One of her father’s friends was subpoenaed and then killed when his helicopter blew up. Lily’s boss, also summoned, was shot while walking to work, but survived. Turpin suddenly moved Doris and Lily to Bangkok. “It seemed my dad was shipping us off to get us out,” Doris recalled.

At age 6, Doris learned to swim at the exclusive Cercle Sportif Club

She was too young to understand events at the time. “When I got older I always figured it had to do with money,” Doris said. “Greed. So much money went through International House. I thought it was embezzlement, money laundering, I don’t know.” 

Jocelyn Turpin, the daughter of Turpin with his third wife, Joyce, was researching the family’s complicated history when she came across connections between the International House and a scam involving diamonds imported through the Post Exchange.

Clark Mollenhoff, a Pulitzer Prize-winning journalist for the Des Moines Register in Iowa, wrote about the investigation in 1971, reporting that a global diamond trader was doing more than $1 million a month in diamond business through the PX system. Mollenhoff explained that expensive jewelry was allegedly being sold through International House to avoid high South Vietnamese customs duties. “That central fact,” he wrote, “is at the heart of what will be one of the major scandals coming out of the Vietnam War.”

Family members believe Turpin and Lily were both subpoenaed to testify before a federal grand jury and a U.S. Senate subcommittee investigating Vietnam scandals. “He told us he was due in court in LA later that spring (1971), but he didn’t want to go and was afraid he wasn’t going to return,” Jocelyn said. Family members aren’t certain whether Turpin and Lily were subpoenaed to testify s suspects, informants or straightforward witnesses.

There was no official allegation linking the couple to illicit activities at the International House, but Turpin’s affluence did not go unnoticed.

“My mother had a lot of diamonds,” Doris recalled. “I mean a lot of diamonds. She had one-carat diamond earrings.” The family moved into a large residence outside Saigon about the time Mike left the military. They had a pool, two housekeepers and a gardener. They hosted large weekend social gatherings, and up to 150 guests attended some of the barbecues, including Turpin’s friends from AFVN.

Turpin also had a virtual arsenal in his house. “In my parent’s room, under their armoires, he had AK-47 and M16 rifles, grenades, all kinds of stuff,” Doris said. Turpin also kept two handguns at home, one in his night stand and one under the bed. He taught Doris and Lily how to shoot. “One time they used a grenade launcher on a watermelon,” Doris recalled. “It was awesome!”

Doris provided the photo, at left, of her mom on the firing range with an M16 rifle in 1968.

Jocelyn believes Turpin might have been profiting from the black market. “Clearly he was involved with something,” she said. “I think a lot of people wanted him dead for the information he had.”

 

                                             Killed in Combat Theory

After the family moved to the United States in 1969, Turpin bought a house for his parents in Florida, a car for his family and a brand new sports car convertible for another relative—all in cash. “Dad never wrote a check and did not have a credit card,” Doris said. Turpin took Doris on a nationwide driving vacation that covered 32 states in four months.

Mikesch with radio starlet Chris Noel. AFVN photo.

At one point, the family stayed at AFVN veteran John Mikesch’s house in Seattle while Turpin tried unsuccessfully to find work in television. The family moved on as Turpin continued his job search, which landed him in a familiar place.

“He’d gone back to Vietnam to do some work for the military or the government,” according to information Mikesch got later from Lily and confirmed with his own contacts. “He was freelancing,” Mikesch said. “There were a lot of new weapons being developed at that time, and he got connected with people who were able to maintain these things, able to get hold of them.”

Mikesch believes that Turpin was killed in combat: “In one of those skirmishes that he was involved in they were overrun. Something went wrong . . . so that was the mystery of how it all ended.”

When Jocelyn attended a reunion and talked with Turpin’s buddies from the 1^st Infantry Division, she heard more speculation that her dad was “military intelligence.”

Died of Nature Causes Theory

In a letter to the family, U.S. Embassy Consul General Malcolm Hallam wrote that Turpin’s landlord found the former soldier dead in his room in late April 1972. “He was sitting in a chair dressed in pajamas with his head and upper torso slumped over . . . and his head resting on a small table,” the letter said. “There was no visible evidence of violence within the room.” Congealed blood from Turpin’s nose and mouth covered the top of the table. Vietnamese police “found no evidence of foul play,” Hallam stated.

Mike and Lily at their International House wedding reception.

The Consul General said Mike’s friend, Larry Worth, president of Worth Co. Ltd. in Saigon, told the Embassy that Turpin was unemployed and visited him the night before his body was found. Worth’s business card was found in one of Turpin’s pockets. The official death certificate, signed by an army captain at 3rd Field Hospital, lists the cause of death as “natural” and shows that no autopsy was performed.

The body was flown to Georgia where Lily and Turpin’s father, Leslie, met the plane to make the identification. Doris, 9 years old, did not go to the airport, but she remembers the adults talking afterward. They were uncertain if the body really was Turpin’s.

“Mom said it could have been anyone,” Doris recalls. “There was no embalming.” However, a U.S. Foreign Service report on Turpin’s death says the remains were “embalmed and shipped by air to U.S.” The body was buried at Pennville, Georgia, on May 9, 1972—11 days after being discovered in the room in Vietnam.

Bar Brawl Theory

Another theory comes from former Army Spc. 5 Dick Ellis, who worked with Turpin at AFVN and ran his teleprompter for the 6 p.m. news. After Turpin left the military and returned to the United States, he “then came back to Saigon as a civilian and was shot in a bar incident, I understand,” Ellis said.

Jocelyn Turpin holds her dad's photo.

The three Turpin children I interviewed were not familiar with the bar murder story; however, they were not surprised. Jocelyn told me that military police once went to the home of Turpin’s parents in Georgia and told them their son “had been found in an alley badly beaten.” When Turpin was a younger man he would regularly get into bar fights, she added.

Standing over 6 feet tall, Turpin was an imposing man and gritty. Before his time at AFVN, he was a reporter and anchorman at TV station WTOP (now WUSA) in Washington, D.C. His son Matt, Jocelyn’s brother, has a newspaper clipping of an incident that shows the reporter on the other end of a news story. “There was some news conference in D.C., and he got into a brawl with another reporter, and it made the news,” Matt said.

 

       CIA Theory

One of the most tantalizing clues about Turpin’s death came from a man who visited Lily in Florida and identified himself as “Mr. Olson.” He told Lily he was with the CIA, recalled Doris, who had been sent to her room but heard everything. “He was talking about the time in Vietnam, about International House and started talking about dad,” Doris said. “He told my mother he was murdered and shot in the head.”

From her room, Doris could see photographs Olson had brought, including an 8-by-10-inch black-and-white print that showed a man leaning over with his head on a desk, an image similar to the scene described in the U.S. consul general’s letter. The man’s face was not visible. “It looked like it was staged,” Doris said. “It was too neat, no mess, no blood.”

Jocelyn didn’t see the photo but also thinks the death scene was staged, based on the embassy’s description of the hotel room. No identifying features were given, and the lack of an autopsy prevents other confirmation, she said.

Jocelyn has conducted a tenacious search for official records, photographs, credentials and internet corroboration. Rather than answering questions, however, that documentation often raises new ones.

For example, personal possessions that the embassy recovered from Turpin’s room and returned to the family include clothing, his passport, and items like his wrist watch and toothbrush. “I think what is unusual is what is missing,” Jocelyn said. “Where are his pipes and books? He never went without those.”

Why did Mike have this photo in Saigon? He's at the head of the table.

Also puzzling are two photos the embassy returned to Turpin’s family. They show Turpin inside Andy Wong’s Chinese Sky Room nightclub in San Francisco—28 years earlier. One is a group photo of Turpin with about 10 men and women around a dinner table. The other snapshot shows Mike sitting with an unidentified woman holding a cocktail.

And what about this mystery woman?

Jocelyn asked: “Why was this gathering in a Chinatown nightclub so important to him . . . that he chose to bring these pictures halfway across the world [to Vietnam], when he brought so few other things with him? Was it some kind of last message?” No photos of Turpin’s own family were in the packet of his personal belongings.

“He used to tell everybody he was in importing and exporting,” Doris said, but adds, “I think dad had something to do with the CIA because he always seemed to know everything before it happened.”

Doris and Jocelyn are not blaming the CIA but believe any work Turpin might have done for the agency could have contributed to his death.

Mike Did Not Die Theory

This theory also places Turpin in a life-threatening situation, but instead of being killed he disappears to save his life or escape other problems.

About 20 years ago, this cryptic posting appeared on a now-obsolete AFVN discussion group: “Joe Ciokon was the daily War News Editor and the 6 PM TV news anchor for the American Forces Vietnam Network . . . he relieved an Army sergeant named Mike Turpin . . .  strictly a “soldier of fortune” who only came out for wars and conflicts [and] had a penthouse apartment at the International Hotel (he was probably a spook) and R&R’d in Tokyo a lot.”

Although there is nothing definitive establishing Mike as a mercenary or a spy, his extravagant lifestyle caught the eye of AFVN colleagues—and perhaps others who wanted something from him.

Turpin had good reasons to vanish, Jocelyn said. “A lot of people were looking for him, everything from ex-wives to family friction.” In this theory, she continued, “he picked the perfect place knowing they had no autopsy facilities for civilians in Saigon. It would have taken nothing to pay off the landlord at that hotel, find a body . . . in the middle of the [communists’ spring 1972] Easter Offensive . . . and just say it was him. He wanted to disappear. He would have known how to do that.”

Doris is conflicted: “Half of me says yes, if he passed away, there was foul play. The other half of me says I don’t even know if he passed away at that point. So I don’t know.”

AFVN Memories

Some of Turpin’s best days in Vietnam were at AFVN as a valued television anchorman. Doris and her mother would sit in front of the TV in their sixth-floor apartment downtown and watch Turpin read AFVN’s evening news. On one occasion Doris, about 6 years old, tagged along to observe a newscast from the control room. “I remember all the guys being really, really nice,” she said. Doris even joined her stepfather for a story that required a helicopter flight.

Mike's picture of bombing scene.

On May 3, 1968, Turpin was reading the 1 p.m. newscast when a terrorist bomb exploded in the compound that AFVN shared with Vietnamese TV. Army Spc. 5 Bob Casey, who was running the control board, described the attack at afrtsarchive.blogspot.com: “We were about a minute in when the bomb went off. I never shut the mic off and on the tape, you can hear the explosion, the falling ceilings, fluorescent lights falling and glass breaking.” There were numerous casualties but only a couple of minor injuries at AFVN. The audio recording is on YouTube, titled “The story of AFVN radio and TV.” 

Turpin was also a dedicated writer, even taking a portable typewriter into the field. “He also contributed to a story for Alfred Hitchcock [who hosted a television show that focused on mysteries],” Doris said. “I remember watching it on AFVN with dad and the credits came up and there was his name.” 

As terrorist bombings became more frequent downtown, Lily was growing more frightened. The family moved to the spacious home outside Saigon. It was not only ideal for large gatherings and formal dinners but also a welcome place for privacy.

Mike, second from left, at the Turpin residence outside Saigon.

As Doris recalled, “Dad used to come home every night from work. He would make himself an Old Forester bourbon on the rocks, sit on the porch and start reading. He read three or four books at a time.”

Her stepfather’s favorite song was “Those Were the Days,” recorded by Mary Hopkin in 1968. “Dad would hold a glass of Old Forester and sing,” she said. “I remember him playing “Those Were the Days” and singing at the top of his voice. He used to just wail it.” Doris said her stepdad had a great sense of humor and was always patient. “I never heard the man raise his voice.”

But there were skeletons in Turpin’s closet, Jocelyn discovered. During the first of his Army enlistments, Turpin lied about his age—he was just 17—and signed up using a fictitious name. For some reason, he walked away from boot camp. He was court-martialed for desertion, sentenced to two years and released with a dishonorable discharge.

"The grief and shame from this situation almost killed his mom and dad," Jocelyn believes. She adds that her father "spent the rest of his life trying to make up for that big mistake."

Turpin on patrol in 1966 along the Song Be River northeast of Saigon.

Turpin talked the Army into giving him a second chance, she said. When he went AWOL he was young, homesick and had fled boot camp, not the battlefield. He re-enlisted again, and again, and left the service with a chest full of medals for valor.

"For those that loved and respected my dad, but were confused by some of his choices," Jocelyn said, that dark episode in his life "explains so much. Without knowing this, any real understanding of who he truly was is incomplete."

Turpin's behavior might even be a model for redemption, she believes. "If it helps even one more person to understand and forgive him, or maybe inspires them to get over a rough patch in their own life and overcome their past mistakes, I feel good about it."

Like families of troops missing in action and still waiting for news of their loved ones, Turpin’s children crave closure. “I have lived with this forever,” Doris said. “When I was younger it used to creep me out. When I got older I started to understand things better.”

Mike Turpin: Father, soldier and journalist.

Weighing the various theories of his father’s death, Matt said: “Whether it’s the bar fight or he died of some quasi natural causes or it’s something nefarious, it’s possible. I’m less inclined to think about a government cover-up.”

Jocelyn quotes her mother: “Mom said she thought he was doing something for the government and doing something important, and somebody killed him.”

There is common family agreement on this much: Turpin was a decent man, a courageous soldier and a talented journalist. Doris raves, “I absolutely adored the man, tall and lean, baby blue eyes. He taught me to be myself and to like myself. He was amazing.”

Rick Fredericksen served as a Marine newsman at American Forces Vietnam Network 1969-70.